2425.bandwagon effect 群体跟风效应，这个效应说的是，人类有喜欢跟风的行为，就像旷野里的牛群，群牛一齐行动朝一个方向跑，实际上牛为什么这么是很难解释的，唯一的解释是，别的牛都跟着另外的牛这么做。这也叫herd instinct。例如在选举中，大家都想要投那些有可能胜出的候选人的票，而民意测验的结果是某某会赢，所以大家都投他的票，这样下一轮的测验又更是显示该候选人会赢。A newspaper article about the popularity of merlot had the bandwagon effect. 报纸报道了法国红酒受欢迎，这助长了群体跟风效应。
2426.trickle-down effect，涓滴效应，这个效应说的是，富人发财了，他要消费，最终会惠及穷人。例如他盖大房子，那建筑工人得益，建筑工人得益，那建筑工人到餐厅消费，那洗碗工又得益等等。There is no trickle-down effect in China. The rich get richer while the poor get poorer. 中国看不到涓滴效应，富人更富，穷人更穷。
2427.Pandora Effect, 潘朵拉效应，又可作Pandora Box, 潘朵拉盒子。There are many questions coming out of the communist Pandora"s box which, if not answered properly, may result in-hopelessness and violence.
2428.media effect,媒体效应，这又叫cultivation effect, Media effect tells why the communist party wants to control media: more the people watch TV, the more they perceive the real world as described in TV. 媒体效应理论解释了共产党为什么要控制舆论，人民看电视越多，他们就觉得现实世界就是电视上所描述的那个社会。
2429.greenhouse effect,温室效应 It is believed by some people that greenhouse effect creates the global warming. But a lot of people believe it is apseudoscientific theory. 有人相信温室效应导致了全球变暖，但也有人认为这是伪科学。类似的伪科学还有Lunar effect 月亮效应 "Uh oh, the moon is full, all the crazies are out." 啊，满月了，人们会要发疯了。The lunar effect is a pseudoscientific theory. 月亮效应是伪科学。
2430.celebrity effect, 名人效应 All societies seek heroes, seek ideals. The celebrity effect is definitely harmful on the youth. It can lead to the cult of celebrity. 人类所有的社会都追求英雄，最求理想，名人效应对青少年是十分有害的。这会导致个人崇拜。
2431.She hadn"t studied for the exam, so she decided to wing it. 她没有下功夫来面对考试，所以就只能去碰碰运气了。wing it 碰运气。
2432.bone up, 考试临阵复习I’ve got to bone up for the test. 我得临阵磨刀了。
2433.hit the books or pound the books, 用功学习，The exam is coming, you’d better start hitting the books. 马上要考试了，你还是用点功吧。I can"t go out tonight. I"ve got to hit the books.今晚不能出去玩，得好好翻翻书本。To learn English, she not only hit the books but also practiced conversing with others every day. 为了学好英语，她不仅要努力看书，还得用功与别人每天练习口语。
2434.crack on, 用功，I played the video game last night and didn’t sweat it all that much. Now I have to get cracking on my History. 我昨晚玩电游玩了一晚，根本就没有学习。我得把历史好好弄一下了。We had to crack on to get everything finished on time. 我们得加把力，按时交货。We don’t have to pull an all-nighter before a test but sometimes it"s necessary. 我们大可不必去熬夜来准备考试，但有时这还是必要的。
2435.Your goose is cooked. 你麻烦大了。Her goose was cooked when she was caught cheating on the test.她考试舞弊当场被抓，这下她麻烦可大了。也可以说：You are a dead duck. 你死定了。
2436.We really dodged a bullet this time, Bob. You can say that again, Barbara! Bob，这次我们逃过一劫了。Barbara，你说得一点没错。
2437.Don"t try to be perfect. It"s great to succeed and reach for the stars. But keep things in balance. If you think that "anything less than A+ means I"ve failed" then you are creating mountains of unnecessary stress for yourself. Aim to do your best but recognize that none of us can be perfect all of the time. 不要要求自己十全十美。如果能成功，获奖固然好，但是凡事要平衡来看，如果你觉得拿不到A，就是失败的话，你就在给自己增加太多的不必要的压力。尽力做好，但要知道，我们没有人是十全十美的。
2438.Everyone knows that last minute cramming for exams isn"t going to help. 谁都知道，想只靠在最后一分钟猛灌是考不好的。the last minute cramming, 考前猛读，猛准备，He is a last minute crammer. 他只在考前才猛读阵书。 I have no choice but to cram a month"s worth of studying into one night. 我别无选择，只好用一晚把一个月的内容都扫完。the last minute cramming, 又叫last-minute revision。
2439.In case of a failure of a course, he student needs to retake the exam.如果一门考试不及格，这学生就要补考了。retake the exam, 补考。Many people are frightened at the thought of taking a test of any kind.很多人不管参加什么样的考试，总是只要一想就不寒而栗。
2440.Keep things in perspective. The exams might seem like the most crucial thing right now, but in the grander scheme of your whole life they are only a small part. 把一切都想清楚。考试固然是现阶段最为重要的事，但是从你一身宏大的目标来看，这不过是你人生中的一小部分。
人生、学习的路上总不免有障碍，表示障碍有好几个词：
2441.最常用的是obstacle，阻碍，障碍I face a long list of obstacles on the way to fluent English, but I am confident I can overcome all of them. 要掌握好英语，我遭遇的障碍仍颇多，但我有信心能克服。I work my way around large obstacles that stand between me and whatever goal I am pursuing. 只要是在我追求实现目标遭遇大的障碍时，我都会设法绕过去。the biggest obstacles on the road to the international peace 实现世界和平道路上的最大障碍。
2442.bump障碍，防止车辆速度过快的路面减速装置In our study, actually reading speed bump might be a good thing. We need to slow down once a while.我们学习的时候，适当地减速也未尝不是好事。我们需要减速。We will come across inevitable relationship bumps and bruises and we need learn how to get up when you have fallen down. 在（夫妻、人际）关系中，我们不可避免地会有摩擦，彼此伤害，我们需要学会跌倒时能重新站起来。to smooth the diplomatic bumps in the international relations 在国际关系中，减轻外交摩擦。
2443.hurdle 跨栏，阻力，Despite these hurdles, students are doing remarkable work. 尽管有不少困难，但是学生们都做得好极了。 to overcome hurdles, 克服困难 to break legal hurdles 解决法律障碍。
2444.barrier 阻拦，We have to end the scandalous Jim Crow barriers to voting faced by blacks. 黑人面临着一些不能投票的种族歧视障碍，这些必须彻底废除。Love recognizes no barriers. It jumps hurdles, leaps fences, penetrates walls to arrive at it destination full of hope. he has learned a thing or two about