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后缀-ER的用法:1.加在名词、形容词、动词和动词词组构成的复合词之后构成名词。a)表示“…的人/动物/植物”(hunter, singer, woodpecker);b)表示“…东西/器具/机械”,“…的事情”(gasburner, eyeopener);c)表示“…的物质”,“…剂”(deodorizer);d)表示“…(地方)的人”,“…居民”(Londoner, westerner; cottager, villager);e)表示“参与…的人”,“造…的人”,“…商”,“…研究者”,“…学者”(farmer, gardener, hatter, geographer);f)在近代口语中:1)构成该动作的名词(backhander (= back-handed blow), diner (= dining car));2)构成来自数词的名词(fiver (= 5 pound/dollar note), tenner);3)使其他后缀的名词带有口语意味(Rugger (= Rugby football), Soccer (= association football));2.加在古法语名词或形容词的后面(carpenter, potter, sampler);3.加在形容词或副词之后构成比较级。a)使单音节形容词,或以-y, -ly, -le, -er, -ow结尾的双音节形容词,或其他少数形容词,尤其是重音位于最后一个音节的形容词,使之成为比较级(richer, lazier, likelier, tenderer, serener, narrower),但在古体诗或古体散文中,也有用其他形容词构成比较级的;b)使不是-ly结尾的(主要是与形容词同形的)副词构成比较级(harder, faster, sooner);4.构成有动作意义的名词(rejoinder, supper);5.表示动作发生多次或反复发生。a)原为动词(wander (< wend), waver (

property中的PROP,也作PROPRI,源自拉丁语,意为own(appropriate, expropriate, proprietary, proprietor, propriety);property与propriety都源自意为ownership的拉丁语词proprietas,英语词property意为“财产;资产;所有物;所有地,地产;所有,所有权;性质,特征,属性,特性;(逻辑学的)非本质特性”,复数形式properties用于戏剧指“道具”,在英国指“服装”。例如:What’s the full market value of the property?(这些资产的市场价值是什么?)/ Police recovered some of the stolen property.(警方找回了一些被盗走的财物。)/ All sound has three properties: pitch, volume, and duration.(所有声音都具有三大特征:音高、音量与持续时间。)

prototype中的PROTO,也作PROT,源自希腊语,意为first in time, first formed(protagonist, protocol, protohistory, proton, protoplanet, protoplasm, protozoa);TYPE独立成词亦可作后缀,意即type(ferrotype, phenotype),prototype意为“原型;典型;样板;模范,标准;试制型式;样机;样品”,例如:a working prototype of the new model(新模型的活动样品)/ The system of checks and balances is now cited as the prototype of limiting power in democracies.(如今,三权分立制度被引为民主国家限制权力的典范形式。)

psychiatry中的PSYCH源自希腊语,意为breath, life, soul, spirit, mind(psyche, psychedelic, psychiatric, psychiatrist, psychic, psychoanalysis, psychoanalyst, psychoanalyze, psychologist, psychology, psychopath, psychopathic, psychosis, psychosomatic, psychotherapist, psychotherapy, psychotic);后缀-IATRY用于构成名词,表示医治法(podiatry),psychiatry意为“精神病学;精神病治疗法”。

punctilious中的PUNCT,也作PUNC, PUNG,源自拉丁语,意为to prick or stab; point(compunction, expunge, punctual, punctuation, puncture, pungent);punctilious派生自名词punctilio,punctilio来自已不使用的意大利语词punctiglio,英语词punctilio (pl. punctilios)意为“(仪式等的)细节;死板,拘板,拘泥形式”,则punctilious意为“礼仪烦琐的;死板的,拘泥形式的”,如:a punctilious host(细致得面面俱到的主人)

purgative中的PURG源自拉丁语,意为to clean or cleanse(expurgate, purgatory, purge, unexpurgated);后缀-ATIVE表示关系、倾向、性质等(demonstrative, informative, talkative),purgative作adj.意为“洗清的,净化的;便通的”,古意为“证明无罪的”,作n.意为“泻药”,例如:Many a lazy afternoon in the orchard has led to the discovery of the purgative effect of too many apples.(在果园里消磨了许多懒散的下午,得到了一个发现,就是吃了太多苹果之后,这些苹果就发挥了泻药的功效。)

Q

quadrennial中的QUADR,也作QUADRI, QUART,源自拉丁语,意为four; fourth(quart, quarter, quadrangle, quadrille, quadriplegic, quadruplet),QUADRI/QUADR也可表示数学中的“平方,二次”(quadratic, quadric);ENN,也作ANN,意为year,参见anniversary, centenarian;后缀-IAL用于构成adj.,表示“具有…性质的”;“属于…的”(axial, ceremonial),quadrennial作adj.意为“连续四年的;每四年一次”,作n.意为“每四年一次的事件;连续四年的时间;第四周年;四周年纪念”。

quartile中的QUART参见上文;后缀-ILE参见automobile,quartile意为“(统计学的)四分数位(的);四分数位一组(的)”,如:The schools in our town always average in the lowest quartile in both reading and math achievement.(我们镇里的学校常常在阅读和数学成绩最差的四分之一学生中采取措施,使他们在这两方能赶上成绩好一点的学生。)

quintessential中的QUINT,有时也作QUIN,源自拉丁语,意为five(quincentennial, quintessential, quintet, quintile, quintuplet);ESS也源自拉丁语,意为be(essence, essential);后缀-ENT参见accident;后缀-IAL参见quadrennial,quintessential意为“精华的,精髓的;典型的,典范的,最完美的”,如:New York is a quintessential big city.(纽约是座典型的大城市。)

R

recompense中的前缀RE-可表示:1.相互,报复(react, revenge),recompense中的RE-即为此意;2.反对(resist, revolt);3.后,在后(relie, remain);4.隐退,秘密(recluse, reticent);5.离,去,下(remiss, reside, retail);6.反复,加强语气(redouble, refine, research, resolve);7.否定(resign, reveal);8.又,再,重新,重行(readjust, rebuild, reissue, recapture, reentrance);前缀COM-参见collapse;PENS,也作PEND,源自拉丁语,意为to hang, to pay, to weigh(append, appendage, appendectomy, appendix, compensation, depend, dependence, dependent, expend, expense, expensive, impending, independence, independent, pendant, pending, pendulous, pendulum, pension, pensive, perpendicular, propensity, suspend, suspenders, suspense, suspension),recompense作n.意为“报应;报酬;回报;回礼;偿还;赔偿”,作vt.意为“酬答,回报;偿还,赔偿”,如:The reason for the lawsuit is to recompense the victims for their injuries.(诉讼的理由是要补偿受害人遭受的伤害。)/ The guidelines say what is fair recompense for church musicians.(这些准则说明了如何合理报偿教会乐师。)

rectangle中的RECT,也作REG,有时也作REGI,源自拉丁语,意为straight, right; to rule; king(correct, correction, direct, direction, director, erect, rectify, rectilinear, rectitude, rector, regal, regalia, regency, regent, regicide, regime, regiment, region, regional, regular, regularity, regulate, regulation);ANGLE即可作为构词成分,亦可独立成词(angle, triangle),rectangle意为“矩形,长方形”。

refugee中的前缀RE-意为“离,去”,参见recompense;FUG源自拉丁语,意为to flee(centrifugal, fugitive, fugue, refuge, subterfuge);后缀-EE表示“动作者”,参见nominee,refugee作n.意为“(特指逃避战祸或政治、宗教迫害的)难民,避难者,亡命者;逃亡者”,作adj.意为“避难的,逃难的”,作vi.意为“逃难,避难”,例如:Refugees were streaming across the border.(难民不断涌过边境。)/ a refugee camp(难民营)

renaissance中的RE-意为“再,重新”,参见recompense;NAISS,即NASC,也作NAT, NAI,源自拉丁语,意为to be born, birth, race, nation(cognate, innate, nascent, naïve, natal, nation, national, native, nativity, natural, nature, postnatal, prenatal, renaissance, unnatural);后缀-ANCE参见ascendancy,renaissance作n.意为“复兴;新生;复活”,the Renaissance特指“(14-16世纪欧洲的)文艺复兴(时期);文艺复兴时期(的美术、建筑)式样”;Renaissance作adj.意为“文艺复兴(时代)的,文艺复兴式的”,如:American classical music is enjoying a renaissance.(美国的传统音乐正在复兴未艾。)

renegade中的RE-用于加强语气,参见recompense;NEG意为to say no(abnegation, negate, negative, negligible, renege);由后缀-ADE构成的词可表示:1.动作(blockade),renegade中的-ADE即为此意;2.行动中的集团(cavalcade);3.动作的结果或成品(masquerade, pomade);4.某些饮料(lemonade);renegade作n.意为“叛教者,改信伊斯兰教的基督徒;变节者,叛徒,脱党者”;作adj.意为“叛教的,变节的”;作vi.意为“背叛,变节;脱党;背教”,如:As a renegade from liberalism, the neoconservative mocked all his former beliefs. (作为自由主义阵营的背叛者,新保守主义者嘲弄其先前所有的信仰。)

replenish中的前缀RE-意为again,参见recompense;PLEN,也作PLET, PLE, PLI, PLY,源自拉丁语,意为to fill; full(complement, complementary, complete, compliance, comply, deplete, depletion, expletive, plenary, plenitude, plenteous, plentiful, plenty, replete, supplement, supply);后缀-ISH用于构成形容词时表示:1.“…的”,“…民族的”,“…语的”(English, heathenish, Swedish);2.“…似的”,“…气的”,“患…的”(fiendish, foolish, selfish, feverish);3.“…一样的”(childish, girlish, monkish);4.“微…的”(coldish, greenish);-ISH也可用于构成动词(abolish, finish, punish),replenish中的-ISH即为此用法;replenish意为“再斟满,再装满(with);装足,装满,补充(钱袋等);加强”,如:As more workers retire, new employees are needed to replenish the workforce.(随着更多的劳工退休,必须有新雇员加入生产大军。)

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马克思确实是个伟大的思想家与经济学家(马克思主义经济学学习随记)第553章

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