E Innovatory Investment 425

F TheCategoryof “Minor” Improvement 428

G OnMeasurable Risk and Insurance 429

H On “Profit of Enterprise” in Capital 3 430

I OnCooperation 435

J On Joint-Stock Organization and Limited Liability 435

K Conclusion: The Industrial Capitalist and Uncertainty

Revisited 438

15 Principles of Social Reform 444

A Introduction 444

B Early Statements 444

C Marx’s “Revisionism”: The 1860s and 1870s 449

D Summary and Conclusion 461

Conclusion: A Recapitulation and Overview 463

A TheTheory of Surplus Value 463

B Marx and the Classical Canon: The Theory of Value 471

C Marx and the Classical Canon: The Trend Path of the Factor

Returns 477

D Marx as “Revisionist” 479

E Marxand the Moderns 483

F Epilogue: On Engels and the “Closure” of Marx’s System 488

Appendices 493

Bibliography 501

Index 519

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A History of the European Economy, 1000-2000

by Francois Crouzet (Author)

Paperback: 329 pages

Publisher: University of Virginia Press (May 2001)

Language: English

Book Description

Considering Europe as a whole rather than as a mosaic of individual states, François Crouzet presents here an accessible, engaging history of the European economy during the second millennium.

Stressing the common economic institutions shared over time by the different regions of Europe and the networks of relations that have linked them, Crouzet examines pan- European changes and integration rather than merely the particular experiences of individual countries. A History of the European Economy, 1000-2000 goes beyond addressing the historical ramifications of trade in the European economy to encompass problems such as the diffusion of technology, the migration of capital and labor, diasporas and minorities, and national diversity. By stressing the historical origins of the drive toward European integration and its progress all the way to the birth of the euro, Crouzet delivers an original and comprehensive overview of European economic history.

About the Author

François Crouzet, Professor Emeritus of the Department of History at the University of Paris-Sorbonne, is the author of The Victorian Economy; The First Industrialists; Britain, France, and International Commerce: From Louis XIV to Victoria; and numerous other studies of the European economy.

Contents

List of Maps ix

List of Tables x

Acknowledgments xi

Introduction xiii

List of Abbreviations xx

One The Emergence of a European Economy,

Tenth through Thirteenth Centuries 1

The Heritage from the “Dark Ages” 1 An Age of

Demographic Expansion 9 Change and Progress on

the Land 13 Towns and Industries 22 The Growth

of Trade 27 A New Europe 34

Two Change and Continuity in the European Economy,

Fourteenth through Eighteenth Centuries 37

Progress in Technology 38 New and Old Trade Routes 50

Manufactures in Town and Country 59

Shifts in Economic Primacy 63 Eastern Europe 74

Low Productivity and Its Consequences 78

Malthusian Traps 87 Growth Prevails 94

Three The Age of Industrialization, 1760s–1914 99

The Industrial Revolution 100 Why Britain First? 110

Continental Diffusion and Patterns of Industrialization 116

Reforms and Industrialization 121 Railroads 124

Banks 127 Stages of Industrialization 130 National

Disparities 133 Reasons Why 149 Global Views 155

Four Disasters, Renaissance, Decline, 1914–2000 171

The Economic Consequences of World War I 172

The Interwar Years: Chronology 178 The Interwar Years:

Overall Views 182 World War II and Its Aftermath 196

The Golden Age 205 The Eastern Bloc 214 Slowing Down

and Not Working 220 Europe and Euro 233 Upheaval in

the East 246 Conclusion 256

Notes 261

Selected Bibliography 297

Index 307

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Samuel Hollander (born April 6, 1937) is a British/Canadian/Israeli economist.

Born in London, he received a B.Sc. in economics from the London School of Economics in 1959. In 1961 he received an AM and a Ph.D. in 1963 from Princeton University. He started with the University of Toronto becoming an Assistant Professor (1963-1966), Associate Professor (1966-1970), Professor (1970-1984), University Professor (1984-1998), and upon his retirement in 1998, University Professor Emeritus. Since 2000 he is a Professor at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. He became a citizen of Canada in 1967 and of Israel in 2000.

Samuel Hollander is one of the most influential and controversial living authors on History of Economic Thought, especially on classical economics. His monumental studies of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill have provoked some sharp reactions. Especially his "new view" of David Ricardo as a direct predecessor of later neo-classical economists such as Marshall and Walras has triggered heated debates. Apart from many critics he has also enjoyed the support of a considerable number of prominent fellow economists. His work was highly recommended by the late Lord Robbins, who says "... he really surpasses all previous historians of economic thought, especially on Ricardo" (Robbins, 1998, p. 143).

Reciprocity, Altruism and the Civil Society

互惠，利他主义和市民社会

演化经济学的中心主题——互惠与利他主义

这本书很不错

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Reciprocity, Altruism and the Civil Society

Luigino Bruni这本新书的核心是对人的异质性（理性人假设得人是同质的）的一种赞赏，该书主张当不同的人能够以很多不同的方式协作时，社会就会正常运转。作者通过观察社会中从谨慎或合同式的相互干扰、友谊性互惠到无条件的利他行为等各种不同的形式，用一种新奇的写作手法介绍互惠行为。

The main emphasis of this new book by Luigino Bruni is a praise of heterogeneity, arguing that society works when different people are able to cooperate in many different ways. The author engages in a novel approach

to reciprocity looking at its different forms in society, from cautious or contractual interactions to the reciprocity of friendship, to unconditional behaviour.

Bruni’s historical–methodological analysis of reciprocity is a way of examining the interface between political economy and the issue of sociality,generally characterized by ‘two hundred years of solitude’ of the homo economicus.

This historical analysis exposes an absence and this book looks at the reasons why among the many forms of reciprocity present in the civil life

economics has chosen to deal just with the simplest ones (contracts and

repeated self-interested interactions). The second part of the book is an

analysis (with basically repeated and evolutionary games) of the interactions

of the three forms of reciprocity faced with a fourth strategy; i.e. the nonreciprocity.

This book will be of great interest to students and researchers engaged

with the nature and history of reciprocity and of social interaction and the

methodology of evolutionary game theory.

Luigino Bruni is Associate Professor of Economics at the University of